visualkeras: custom vgg16 example#

An example showing the visualkeras function used by a tf.keras.Model model.

# Authors: The scikit-plots developers
# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause

# visualkeras Need aggdraw tensorflow
# !pip install scikitplot[core, cpu]
# or
# !pip install aggdraw
# !pip install tensorflow
# python -c "import tensorflow as tf, google.protobuf as pb; print('tf', tf.__version__); print('protobuf', pb.__version__)"
# python -m pip check
# If Needed
# pip install -U "protobuf<6"
# pip install protobuf==5.29.4
import tensorflow as tf

# Clear any session to reset the state of TensorFlow/Keras
tf.keras.backend.clear_session()

from scikitplot import visualkeras

create VGG16

image_size = 224
model = tf.keras.models.Sequential()
model.add(tf.keras.layers.InputLayer(shape=(image_size, image_size, 3)))

model.add(tf.keras.layers.ZeroPadding2D((1, 1)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(64, activation="relu", kernel_size=(3, 3)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.ZeroPadding2D((1, 1)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(64, activation="relu", kernel_size=(3, 3)))
model.add(visualkeras.SpacingDummyLayer())

model.add(tf.keras.layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2), strides=(2, 2)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.ZeroPadding2D((1, 1)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(128, activation="relu", kernel_size=(3, 3)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.ZeroPadding2D((1, 1)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(128, activation="relu", kernel_size=(3, 3)))
model.add(visualkeras.SpacingDummyLayer())

model.add(tf.keras.layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2), strides=(2, 2)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.ZeroPadding2D((1, 1)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(256, activation="relu", kernel_size=(3, 3)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.ZeroPadding2D((1, 1)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(256, activation="relu", kernel_size=(3, 3)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.ZeroPadding2D((1, 1)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(256, activation="relu", kernel_size=(3, 3)))
model.add(visualkeras.SpacingDummyLayer())

model.add(tf.keras.layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2), strides=(2, 2)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.ZeroPadding2D((1, 1)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(512, activation="relu", kernel_size=(3, 3)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.ZeroPadding2D((1, 1)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(512, activation="relu", kernel_size=(3, 3)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.ZeroPadding2D((1, 1)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(512, activation="relu", kernel_size=(3, 3)))
model.add(visualkeras.SpacingDummyLayer())

model.add(tf.keras.layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2), strides=(2, 2)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.ZeroPadding2D((1, 1)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(512, activation="relu", kernel_size=(3, 3)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.ZeroPadding2D((1, 1)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(512, activation="relu", kernel_size=(3, 3)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.ZeroPadding2D((1, 1)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(512, activation="relu", kernel_size=(3, 3)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.MaxPooling2D())
model.add(visualkeras.SpacingDummyLayer())

model.add(tf.keras.layers.Flatten())

model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(4096, activation="relu"))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.5))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(4096, activation="relu"))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.5))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(1000, activation="softmax"))
# model.summary()

Now visualize the model!

from collections import defaultdict

color_map = defaultdict(dict)
color_map[tf.keras.layers.Conv2D]["fill"] = "orange"
color_map[tf.keras.layers.ZeroPadding2D]["fill"] = "gray"
color_map[tf.keras.layers.Dropout]["fill"] = "pink"
color_map[tf.keras.layers.MaxPooling2D]["fill"] = "red"
color_map[tf.keras.layers.Dense]["fill"] = "green"
color_map[tf.keras.layers.Flatten]["fill"] = "teal"

from PIL import ImageFont

ImageFont.load_default()

<PIL.ImageFont.FreeTypeFont object at 0x7f49663cedd0>

img_vgg16 = visualkeras.layered_view(
    model,
    type_ignore=[visualkeras.SpacingDummyLayer],
    # to_file="result_images/vgg16.png",
    save_fig=True,
    save_fig_filename="vgg16.png",
)

2026-02-16 17:12:48.360726: W scikitplot 139955078278016 _pil.py:204:load_font] Error loading system font: cannot open resource
2026-02-16 17:12:48.360853: W scikitplot 139955078278016 _pil.py:206:load_font] Falling back to PIL default font.
2026-02-16 17:12:48.360960: W scikitplot 139955078278016 _layered.py:216:layered_view] The legend_text_spacing_offset parameter is deprecated andwill be removed in a future release.

img_vgg16_legend = visualkeras.layered_view(
    model,
    type_ignore=[visualkeras.SpacingDummyLayer],
    legend=True,
    font={
        "font_size": 61,
        # 'use_default_font': False,
        # 'font_path': '/usr/share/fonts/truetype/dejavu/DejaVuSans-Bold.ttf'
    },
    # to_file="result_images/vgg16_legend.png",
    save_fig=True,
    save_fig_filename="vgg16_legend.png",
)
img_vgg16_legend

2026-02-16 17:12:49.852942: W scikitplot 139955078278016 _pil.py:204:load_font] Error loading system font: cannot open resource
2026-02-16 17:12:49.853076: W scikitplot 139955078278016 _pil.py:206:load_font] Falling back to PIL default font.
2026-02-16 17:12:49.853189: W scikitplot 139955078278016 _layered.py:216:layered_view] The legend_text_spacing_offset parameter is deprecated andwill be removed in a future release.

<matplotlib.image.AxesImage object at 0x7f495c533610>

img_vgg16_spacing_layers = visualkeras.layered_view(
    model,
    type_ignore=[],
    spacing=0,
    # to_file="result_images/vgg16_spacing_layers.png",
    save_fig=True,
    save_fig_filename="vgg16_spacing_layers.png",
)
img_vgg16_spacing_layers

2026-02-16 17:12:51.458863: W scikitplot 139955078278016 _pil.py:204:load_font] Error loading system font: cannot open resource
2026-02-16 17:12:51.458993: W scikitplot 139955078278016 _pil.py:206:load_font] Falling back to PIL default font.
2026-02-16 17:12:51.459109: W scikitplot 139955078278016 _layered.py:216:layered_view] The legend_text_spacing_offset parameter is deprecated andwill be removed in a future release.

<matplotlib.image.AxesImage object at 0x7f495c0a0590>

img_vgg16_type_ignore = visualkeras.layered_view(
    model,
    type_ignore=[
        tf.keras.layers.ZeroPadding2D,
        tf.keras.layers.Dropout,
        tf.keras.layers.Flatten,
        visualkeras.SpacingDummyLayer,
    ],
    # to_file="result_images/vgg16_type_ignore.png",
    save_fig=True,
    save_fig_filename="vgg16_type_ignore.png",
)
img_vgg16_type_ignore

2026-02-16 17:12:52.313409: W scikitplot 139955078278016 _pil.py:204:load_font] Error loading system font: cannot open resource
2026-02-16 17:12:52.313501: W scikitplot 139955078278016 _pil.py:206:load_font] Falling back to PIL default font.
2026-02-16 17:12:52.313595: W scikitplot 139955078278016 _layered.py:216:layered_view] The legend_text_spacing_offset parameter is deprecated andwill be removed in a future release.

<matplotlib.image.AxesImage object at 0x7f495c0cb850>

img_vgg16_color_map = visualkeras.layered_view(
    model,
    type_ignore=[visualkeras.SpacingDummyLayer],
    color_map=color_map,
    # to_file="result_images/vgg16_color_map.png",
    save_fig=True,
    save_fig_filename="vgg16_color_map.png",
)
img_vgg16_color_map

2026-02-16 17:12:52.908448: W scikitplot 139955078278016 _pil.py:204:load_font] Error loading system font: cannot open resource
2026-02-16 17:12:52.908542: W scikitplot 139955078278016 _pil.py:206:load_font] Falling back to PIL default font.
2026-02-16 17:12:52.908645: W scikitplot 139955078278016 _layered.py:216:layered_view] The legend_text_spacing_offset parameter is deprecated andwill be removed in a future release.

<matplotlib.image.AxesImage object at 0x7f495c04b990>

img_vgg16_flat = visualkeras.layered_view(
    model,
    type_ignore=[visualkeras.SpacingDummyLayer],
    draw_volume=False,
    # to_file="result_images/vgg16_flat.png",
    save_fig=True,
    save_fig_filename="vgg16_flat.png",
)
img_vgg16_flat

2026-02-16 17:12:53.849209: W scikitplot 139955078278016 _pil.py:204:load_font] Error loading system font: cannot open resource
2026-02-16 17:12:53.849323: W scikitplot 139955078278016 _pil.py:206:load_font] Falling back to PIL default font.
2026-02-16 17:12:53.849421: W scikitplot 139955078278016 _layered.py:216:layered_view] The legend_text_spacing_offset parameter is deprecated andwill be removed in a future release.

<matplotlib.image.AxesImage object at 0x7f494c7a5690>

img_vgg16_scaling = visualkeras.layered_view(
    model,
    type_ignore=[visualkeras.SpacingDummyLayer],
    # legend=True,
    min_z=1,
    min_xy=1,
    max_z=4096,
    max_xy=4096,
    scale_z=0.5,
    scale_xy=11,
    # font={'font_size': 99},
    # to_file="result_images/vgg16_scaling.png",
    save_fig=True,
    save_fig_filename="vgg16_scaling.png",
)
img_vgg16_scaling

2026-02-16 17:12:54.505805: W scikitplot 139955078278016 _pil.py:204:load_font] Error loading system font: cannot open resource
2026-02-16 17:12:54.505898: W scikitplot 139955078278016 _pil.py:206:load_font] Falling back to PIL default font.
2026-02-16 17:12:54.505988: W scikitplot 139955078278016 _layered.py:216:layered_view] The legend_text_spacing_offset parameter is deprecated andwill be removed in a future release.

<matplotlib.image.AxesImage object at 0x7f494c30b710>

Tags: model-type: classification model-workflow: model building plot-type: visualkeras domain: neural network level: intermediate purpose: showcase

Total running time of the script: (0 minutes 21.896 seconds)

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